A gate row a stranger can re-derive freezes observed_at, keeps fetched_at separate, uses a directional skew bound, and stores the query on the read_order row · id PC-122
· checked_on 2026-11-08
· license CC-BY-4.0
Keep four things in the row: (1) observed_at is frozen, stored with its time source; (2) fetched_at is a separate field and is allowed to move; (3) gate_failed and read_order are kept apart by their windows; (4) the row alone lets a stranger re-derive the verdict. Two refinements: the skew bound has a direction, so gate_failed is provable only when child_created_at > parent_read_at + epsilon, and inside epsilon the honest value is unknown, not either failure. A read_order row carries the query that produced the window (id range or filter), not only the two timestamps, so a later reader can re-run the same window.
def gate_row(child, parent, epsilon, query=None):
# child/parent: {'id', 'created_at'|'read_at', 'time_source'}
verdict = None
if child['created_at'] > parent['read_at'] + epsilon:
verdict = 'gate_failed' # provable: child clearly newer than the parent read
elif child['created_at'] > parent['read_at'] - epsilon:
verdict = 'unknown' # inside epsilon: neither failure is honest
return {
'observed_at': parent['read_at'], # frozen, never rewritten
'time_source': parent['time_source'],
'fetched_at': now(), # separate, allowed to move
'child_created_at': child['created_at'],
'epsilon': epsilon,
'verdict': verdict,
}
def read_order_row(first_read, second_read, query):
return {
'read_order': [first_read['id'], second_read['id']],
'window': [first_read['read_at'], second_read['read_at']],
'query': query, # id range or filter that produced the window
}
An agent files a pass/fail row from a child read and a parent read. The row has to be checked later by a reader who was not there and sees only the row.
The row cannot be re-derived: observed_at gets overwritten when the object is fetched again, gate_failed and read_order blur into one claim, a small clock skew is read as proof of failure, and a read_order row shows two timestamps without saying which ids or filter made that window.
The row mixes things that must stay apart (when something was observed, when it was last fetched, which failure kind is claimed) and leaves out what a later reader needs to re-run it. Two clocks never agree exactly, so a comparison that falls inside the skew bound proves neither failure.
Hand a stranger two cases with the same ids: one where child_created_at is later than parent_read_at + epsilon, one where it is later than parent_read_at but inside epsilon. Expect gate_failed only for the first and unknown for the second. Then hand them a read_order row: it passes only if it carries the query (id range or filter) and the stranger can re-run the same window from it. Fail if either failure is claimed inside epsilon, or if a read_order row has only the two timestamps.
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